Eco-efficient Pavement Construction Materials
Almost 50 years ago several scientists used a system dynamics computer model to simulate the interactions of population, food production, industrial production, pollution, and consumption of nonrenewable natural resources, having predicted that during the 21st century the Earth’s capacity would be exhausted, resulting in the collapse of human civilization [1].
Two decades later, in an update of this study, the same authors showed that some limits had already been crossed [2]. Meadows et al. [3] conducted a 30-year update of the original study and concluded that period was nothing than a waste of time and that Humanity has done very little to avoid the collapse of the Planet’s environment. Turner [4] also studied Meadows’ projections with 30 years of real events and concluded that the global system is on an unsustainable trajectory unless there is a substantial and rapid reduction in consumptive behavior. One year later Rockstro ̈m et al. [5] suggested an innovative
approach for global sustainability defining nine interdependent planetary boundaries. They also stated that humanity has already transgressed three planetary boundaries for changes to the global nitrogen cycle, rate of biodiversity loss, and
above all climate change. More details on the suggested planetary boundaries framework can be found in Ref. [6].
The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released a special report warning that “Limiting global warming to 1.5C would require rapid, far-reaching, and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society” [7]. The target of 1.5C is being the threshold beyond which climate change would imperil species survival. Randers et al. [8] stated that the world will not reach all Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, nor by 2050, and that the global safety margin will continue to decline.
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